Effects of different nitrogen sources on accumulation of active components in hairy roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia castanea f. tomentosa / 中草药

Objective: Nitrogen is an important element affecting the accumulation of effective components in Chinese medicinal materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of different nitrogen sources on the growth and active components accumulation of hairy roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia castanea f. tomentosa. Methods: The hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza and S. castanea f. tomentosa were treated with ammonium nitrate, hydrolyzed milk protein, peptone, beef extract, casein and yeast extract, respectively. The growth of hairy roots and the accumulation of active components were analyzed. Results: Ammonium nitrate was the most beneficial to the growth of the two kinds of hairy roots. Hydrolyzed milk protein significantly promoted the accumulation of salvianolic acids, compared with ammonium nitrate, the contents of rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B in S. miltiorrhiza were respectively increased by 2.94 times and 3.27 times, and the contents of rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B in S. castanea f. tomentosa were respectively increased by 13.74 times and 2.01 times. Yeast extract had the most significant effect on the accumulation of dihydrotanshinone I and cryptotanshinone in two kinds of hairy roots. Hydrolyzed milk protein significantly promoted the accumulation of tanshinone IIA in the hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza, while beef extract had the most significant effect on the accumulation of tanshinone IIA in S. castanea f. tomentosa. Conclusion: Ammonium nitrate was the best nitrogen source for the growth of two kinds of hairy roots, and hydrolyzed milk protein was the best nitrogen source for salvianolic acids accumulation. The effects of different nitrogen sources on four kinds of tanshinones were different, and the responses of S. miltiorrhiza and S. castanea f. tomentosa to different nitrogen sources were also different. This study not only has certain guiding significance for large-scale cultivation of hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza and industrialized production of active components, but also provides a reference for the development and utilization of S. castanea f. tomentosa resources.

Long-term tillage and nitrogen management for improving productivity and profitability of a rainfed maize-wheat system in north western Himalaya

Aim: The study aimed to identify the optimum tillage and source of nitrogen for refining yields, yield sustainability and rainwater-use efficiency, and to develop predictive models explaining the relationship between crop yield and monthly rainfall with main goal of reduced cost of cultivation and increased profitability for long-term sustainability of maize-wheat system. Methodology: A long-term field experiment on maize-wheat system was conducted from 2000 to 2012 at Regional Research Station, Ballowal Saunkhri, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana in split plot design with three replications. The treatment included three tillage practices, viz., conventional tillage (CT), reduced tillage (RT1) and RT1 + herbicide (RT2) in the main plots and three nitrogen (N) management practices, viz., 100% N from organic source (F1), 50% N from organic + 50% N from inorganic source (F2) and 100% N from inorganic source (F3) in the sub-plots. The parameters included maize and wheat yield, rainwater use efficiency, economics, sustainability yield index to develop predictive models. Results: Prediction models expressing relation between yield and monthly rainfall showed beneficial effect of rainfall in June, July and September months on maize and January and February in wheat on crop productivity. RT2 gave highest mean maize grain yield (2264 kg ha−1) with 13.8 and 1.8% yield superiority over RT1 and CT, respectively. However, in wheat, CT recorded highest grain yield (2110 kg ha−1) with 7.9 and 1.7% higher yield than RT1 and RT2, respectively. The RT2F3 gave highest net returns of US$ 222.60 ha−1 with benefit-cost ratio (B:C) of 1.88, rain water use efficiency (RWUE) of 4.78 kg ha−1 mm−1 and a sustainable yield index (SYI) of 60.7% in maize, whereas in wheat it provided net returns of US$315.45 ha−1 with B:C of 2.28, RWUE of 23.0 kg ha−1 mm−1 and SYI of 47.4%. Interpretation: The efficient rainwater use and optimum yields of rainfed maize-wheat system can be realised with reduced tillage + herbicide based weed management along with application of recommended nitrogen. The study suggests the shift from conventional tillage practices to reduced/conservation tillage practices.

Efecto de nutrientes sobre la producción de biomasa del hongo medicinal Ganoderma lucidum / Effect of nutrients in the biomass production of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

El hongo Ganoderma lucidum, en los constituyentes de su biomasa, tiene compuestos con propiedades benéficas para la salud; es por esto que el conocimiento de las condiciones nutricionales adecuadas para su crecimiento permitirá su producción industrial y a bajo costo. En este trabajo se evaluó a nivel de matraz el efecto de la relación C/N, y la presencia de diferentes fuentes de carbono, nitrógeno y micronutrientes sobre la producción de biomasa. Empleando glucosa y peptona como fuentes de carbono y nitrógeno, respectivamente, se encontró una relación C/N óptima de 16,7:1 para la cual la máxima producción de biomasa fue de 25 g/L. Manteniendo esta relación C/N, y sustituyendo la glucosa por lactosa o harina de cebada y la peptona por extracto de levadura, la producción de biomasa se incrementó a 35 g/L. En presencia de harina de cebada la adición al medio de cultivo de sales de Mg y K, y de tiamina, no generó un mayor incremento en la producción de biomasa. La producción de biomasa de G. lucidum se ve favorecida por la presencia en el medio de cultivo de relaciones C/N cercanas a las reportadas conforme a la composición típica de los hongos, así como por la presencia de sustratos complejos como la harina de cebada que le aportan además de la fuente de carbono micronutrientes necesarios para su desarrollo.

Ganoderma lucidum fungus has some biomass components with beneficial health properties. The knowledge about its nutritionals requirements for growing will favor its industrial production at lower cost. In this work, the effect of C/N ratio, the presence of different carbon, nitrogen and micronutrients sources, on fungal biomass production, were evaluated. Using glucose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, an optimal C/N ratio of 16,7:1 was found, for which the maximal biomass production was 25 g/L. Replacing glucose by lactose or barley flour and peptone by yeast extract at the same C/N ratio, the biomass production was enhanced to 35 g/L. With barley flour in the culture medium, the presence of Mg and K salts and thiamine did not turn out into a major increase of biomass. The G. lucidum biomass production is promoted by C/N ratios in the culture medium nearly equivalent to that found in the fungus, as well as the presence of complex substrates as barley flour which, additionally, contributes with important micronutrients along with the carbon source.

Effect of nitrogen sources on microbial production of xylitol.

Experimental investigation on batch fermentation of xylose to xylitol using Candida parapsilosis NCIM-3323 has been carried out and the effect of different nitrogen sources on xylitol production has been investigated. It is noticed that Ammonium sulfate is best suitable compared to other sources used. The present work utilized five nitrogen sources namely Potassium Nitrate, Ammonium Chloride, Ammonium Sulfate, Ammonium Nitrate and Urea in the experiments for a fermentation period of 144 h at 30 0C at pH of 3.5 with initial xylose concentration of 60 g/l. The work was also carried out varying concentration of Ammonium sulfate, wherein it was found that 4 g/l of ammonium sulfate gives highest yield.

Growth and content of Spirulina platensis biomass chlorophyll cultivated at different values of light intensity and temperature using different nitrogen sources

The effects of light intensity and temperature in S. platensis cultivation with potassium nitrate or urea as nitrogen source were investigated, as well as the biomass chlorophyll contents of this cyanobacteria, through the Response Surface Methodology. Experiments were performed at temperatures from 25 to 34.5ºC and light intensities from 15 to 69 µmol photons m-2 s-1, in mineral medium. In cultivations with both sources of nitrogen, KNO3 and urea, statistic evaluation through multiple regression, no interactions of such independent variables were detected in the results of the dependent variables maximum cell concentration, chlorophyll biomass contents, cell and chlorophyll productivities, as well as in the nitrogen-cell conversion factor. In cultivation performed with both sources of nitrogen, it was possible to obtain satisfactory adjustments to relate the dependent variables to the independent variables. The best results were achieved at temperature of 30ºC, at light intensity of 60 µmol photons m-2s-1, for cell growth, with cell productivity of approximately 95 mg L-1 d-1 in cultivations with urea. For the chlorophyll biomass content, the most adequate light intensity was 24 µmol photons m-2 s-1.

Efeito da uréia no alongamento e enraizamento de microplantas de bananeira in vitro / Effect of urea on in vitro growth and rooting of banana microplants

A micropropagação de bananeira (Musa spp.) via ápices caulinares já está bem estabelecida para diversas cultivares. Entretanto, podem ser feitos aperfeiçoamentos nos protocolos visando a obtenção de mudas mais vigorosas. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, verificar a adição de nitrogênio na forma de uréia em diferentes concentrações (0, 100, 200, 400 e 800 mg L-1), no alongamento e enraizamento de brotos das cultivares Grande Naine, Prata Anã, Maçã e Nanicão. Houve efeito positivo da uréia no crescimento dos explantes, na produção de raízes e de massa seca para a cultivar Maçã, até 200 mg L-1 de uréia. As cultivares Prata Anã e Grande Naine não foram beneficiadas com a adição de uréia, e a concentração de 800 mg L-1 gerou morte das microplantas dessas cultivares e da cultivar Maçã. 'Nanicão' foi mais tolerante às altas concentrações de uréia, e a concentração de 800 mg L-1 foi ótima para seu desenvolvimento. Além disso, a uréia induziu brotações em 'Nanicão' nas concentrações mais baixas.

Banana (Musa spp.) micropropagation via shoot tips has already been established for many cultivars. However, protocol adjustments aiming to obtain more vigorous plants can be made. The aim of this work was to verify the nitrogen addition in the form of urea on different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg L-1) on shoot growth and rooting of Grande Naine, Prata Anã, Maçã and Nanicão cultivars. There was a positive urea effect on Maçã shoot growth, dry matter production and rooting up to 200 mg L-1 concentrations. Prata Anã and Grande Naine cultivars were not benefited by urea addition, while 800 mg L-1 concentration lead to death of microplants. However, Nanicão cultivar was more tolerant to higher urea concentrations, and 800 mg L-1 was optimal for its development. Moreover, urea induced shoot growth on 'Nanicão' at lower concentrations.

Comportamiento de una cepa salvaje de Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer y su isogénica sensible respecto de diferentes fuentes de nitrógeno en cultivos mixtos / Behaviour of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer yeast and its isogenic sensitive one with respect to different nitrogen sources in mixed cultures

La composición química del vino constituye el fundamento de la posterior respuesta sensorial del producto y está determinada por varios factores, como las relaciones levadura-levadura. Se denomina fenómeno killer a la secreción por parte de ciertas cepas de levadura de una proteína tóxica que mata a células denominadas sensibles. El conocimiento del comportamiento en condición aeróbica de cultivos mixtos killer-sensible es útil para relacionarlo con la primera fase de la fermentación enológica, ya que en ella puede definirse la prevalencia o no de la cepa killer. Además, el empleo de mutantes con el plásmido curado permite comparaciones más precisas. El objetivo fue analizar el mecanismo de competencia por sustrato en levaduras killer de Saccharomyces cerevisiae y su mutante sensible con el plásmido curado, empleando distintas fuentes de nitrógeno. Si las muestras se incuban a temperatura de inactivación de la toxina, se evita la infraestimación de células sensibles. Los resultados del co-cultivo de las cepas en proporciones iguales muestran el rol desempeñado por la fuente de nitrógeno en la actividad killer. Cuando el inóculo es 10%K-90%S, el modelo de exclusión competitiva planteado para levaduras killer deja paso a otras variables de competencia.

Wine chemical composition is the outcome of complex chemosensory interactions that are difficult to predict because of the influences of many variables, like as yeast-yeast interactions. Killer phenomenon implicates the secretion of a toxic protein by some yeasts, that kill other yeasts called sensitive. The knowledge of the behaviour of killer-sensitive mixed cultures in aerobic conditions is useful to be related with the first stages of oenological fermentation. In these stages it can be defined the killer prevalence in the medium. Also, the use of cured plasmid mutants allows better comparisons. The objective was to analyse the mechanism of substrate competition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer strains and its sensitive cured plasmid mutant, using different nitrogen sources. When samples were incubated at the toxin inactivation temperature, the infraestimation of sensitive cells is avoided. Results obtained in co-cultures (50%K-50%S) show the role of the nitrogen source in killer activity. Results obtained with 10%K-90%S inoculum, show that there are another competence variables than the competitive exclusion model for killer yeasts.

Tissue culture of Salvia miltiorrhiza adventitious roots (Ⅱ)Effects of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources on culture of Salvia miltiorrhiza adventitious roots / 中草药

Objective To study the effects of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources on the growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza adventitious roots and the contents of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde. Methods The adventitious roots were obtained through tissue culture by manipulation of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources and the contents of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde were determined by HPLC. Results Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources were necessary for the culture of S. miltiorrhiza adventitious roots. The highest times of root multiplication were achieved at sucrose level of 30 g/L after 20 d culture, 60 g/L sucrose and low level sucrose were favorable for biosyntheses of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde, respectively. The highest root yield and tanshinone ⅡA content on day 25 were obtained by intermittent sugar adding during cultivation, and the production of adventitious roots and tanshinone ⅡA were 2.3-and 2.4-fold compared with those of control, respectively. The maximum root growth rate, contents of tanshinone ⅡA and protocatechuic aldehyde were achieved while NH4+-NO3-was 1∶4, 1∶4, and 1∶1, respectively when concentration of total nitrogen source was kept at 60 mmol/L. To compare with the control group, changing of KH2PO4 concentration could favor for the adventilious root growth, but high KH2PO4 concentration inhibited tanshinone ⅡA biosynthesis. ConclusionThe results show that various carbon, nitrogen, and phosphate sources have the significant effects on adventitious root culture of S. miltiorrhiza. The best carbon source and its concentration, nitrogen and phosphate sources for the growth of S. miltiorrhiza adventitious root and the synthesis of secondary metabolite are confirmed.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS INORGANIC SALTS, CARBON AND NITROGEN SOURCES ON CAROTENOID YIELD IN SURFACE CULTURES OF PENICILLIUM SP.PT95 / 微生物学通报

Among inorganic salts tested, K 2HPO 4 was more essential to the sclerotia for mation and carotenogenesis of strain PT95 than KCl, MgSO 4 or FeSO 4 It wa s also shown that the combination of K 2HPO 4, KCl and MgSO 4 could produce t he best positive cooperation and give the highest sclerotia biomass (782mg/plate ) and pigment yield (328 ?g/plate) Five carbon sources, i e glucose sucros e, lactose, maltose and soluble starch, all could be utilized by the strain PT95 , and maltose was the best Among 8 nitrogen sources, yeast extract favooured t he sclerotia formation, and peptone fovoured the pigment accumulation; amine sal ts and urea were unfavourable to form sclerotia The medium containing 0 24 ～ 0 48 g/L sodium nitrate nitrogen was effective to both the sclerotia formation and the carotenoid production of strain PT95 when available maltose carbon con centrations were at 5 26～21 05 g/L The optimal C/N ratio was found to be 25 ∶1